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Subject:       Lost Tribes/Commentary:  SPAIN AND THE JEWS by Yair Davidi

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Lost Tribes/Commentary:  SPAIN AND THE JEWS

by Yair Davidi
[britam@netvision.net.il]


JERUSALEM, D.C. (DAVID'S CAPITAL), Yom Shlishi (Third Day - "Tuesday"), 18 Shvat, 5760 (Christian Date:  January 25, 2000) (Muslim Date:  18 Shawal, 1420), Root & Branch:


BEGINNINGS:  TARSHISH


An area on the west coast of Spain is referred to in the Bible as Tarshish.  Some say that the name Tarshish could also be applied to the Atlantic Ocean region in general.  King Solomon together with the Phoenician King Hiram of Tyre sent ships to Tarshish.  The prophet Yonah attempted to flee to Tarshish.

Spain at that time was relatively sparsely populated.  After ca. 700 B.C.E. a population of people of Phoenician culture came to Spain.  They bore Hebraic-like names and were pushed from the southeast coast to the northwest and from there moved to the British Isles and Gaul.  They had arrived after the destruction of the Northern Kingdom of Israel (in ca. 720 B.C.E.) and Irish legends and other factors suggest that they may have been of Israelite descent.  At all events their religious practices were largely pagan and in that sense they were not Jewish.

These people had brought with them the knowledge of iron processing.  After the Phoenicians there was an upsurge in the cultural level of native Spanish peoples as well as invasions of groups such as the Carthaginians from North Africa.  The Carthaginians believed themselves to be descended from the ancient Canaanites whom the Israelites had driven out of the Promised Land.

The presence of this element in Spain could partly explain the vicious Jew-hatred ("anti-Semitism") and outright sadism later displayed by a portion of the Spanish population.  In the north and west of Spain there later emerged a people of Celtic culture.


THE ROMANS AND CHRISTIANITY


The Romans first entered Spain in 218 B.C.E..  After about a hundred years they gained control of the whole country.  In 312 C.E. the Roman Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity and much of Spain followed in his stead.  Jewish influence in Spain at this stage is shown by the Church Council of Elvira in 305 C.E. forbidding the Christians of Spain to live in Jewish houses, or to eat with them, or for Jews to bless the produce of Christian fields.


THE GOTHS ARRIVE


In 409 C.E. the Vandals, Suebi, and Alans invaded Spain.  They were followed by the Goths or Visigoths who subdued the country by 585 C.E.  The Visigoths at first belonged to the Arian Church, which disagreed with the Roman Catholic Church on doctrinal matters.  The Arian Church was pro-Jewish in many ways.  Many Goths (of whom the Visigoths were a section) converted to Judaism.  The Goths also ruled over southeast France in which area as well as in Spain the terms "Goth" and "Jew" were for a time interchangeable.


SPAIN IN THE BIBLE AND THE DESCENDANTS OF DAVID


Spain is mentioned in the Biblical Book of Obadiah 1:20:  "The exiled of Jerusalem who are in Sepharad".

Targum Yehonathan (Aramaic Bible Translation of Yehonathan) translates "Sepharad" as "Aspamiah", meaning Spain.  The Jewish Bible Commentator Rashi says, "These are the descendants of Judah who were exiled to Sepharad...the translation of Sepharad is Aspamiah" [i.e. Spain].

Rabbi Abraham Ibn Ezra says that this is referring to the exile by Titus (the Roman Emperor who destroyed the Second Temple in 70 C.E.) of Jews to Spain.  The Radak (Rabbi David Kimchi) says the same.  The Abarbanel says that whole settlements in Spain were founded by exiles from Jerusalem who included families descended from King David.


CATHOLIC PERSECUTIONS OF JEWS


In 587 C.E., Recared, the Visigoth king in Spain, converted to Roman Catholicism and at once began a persecution of the Jews.  The persecution of the Jews was partly due to a power struggle against the Visigoth nobility who protected the Jews and used Jews as their agents.  The king, the Church, and the common Spaniards were all against the nobility.  By getting at the Jews they were weakening the Visigoth aristocracy.

A frontal attack on the Visigoths was difficult since these already had a reputation for assassinating their monarchs and were not happy with the change of religion.


MUSLIM INVASION


In 711 C.E. Muslims from North Africa invaded Spain and conquered most of it.  The Muslims consisted of Arabs and Berbers.  In some areas they employed Jews to help them garrison conquered areas.  The Muslims were defeated in France by Charles Martell whose son, Pepin, took a Jewish woman as one of his wives.  This woman was apparently the mother of Charles the Great (Charlemagne) who became the first Holy Roman Emperor and founded the Carolingian dynasty.

In Spain Christians from the north began to slowly reconquer the country. In places where the Spaniards were under French Carolingian influence they were pro-Jewish.  Elsewhere, they were initially hostile but soon saw the economic value of Jews in helping them repopulate and stabilize regions that had been reconquered from the Muslims.

Under the Muslims, the Jews in Spain were relatively well treated but there were periodic persecutions.  Life with the Arabs was always volatile and unpredictable.

In the Eleventh Century C.E. Bachya Ibn Pakuda wrote "Chovot HaLavovot" ("Duties of the Heart") which is one of the great classics of moral and spiritual contemplation.

Shmuel haNagid was vizier and commander of the army of Granada from 1030-1056 C.E.  Jealous Arabs murdered his son.
 
In 1146 C.E. the Almohads (who were Berbers from Morocco) in the south of Spain forced their Jewish subjects to become Muslims.  Many Jews fled to the Christian areas though some remained and were faithful to Judaism in secret.


CHRISTIAN RECONQUEST


By the 1250s C.E. most of Spain had been reconquered by the Christians. The Muslims retained control of the Kingdom of Granada in the Southeast.

There was a blood libel [when Christians accused Jews of murdering Christian children to use their blood in Jewish religious rites] in Saragossa in 1250 C.E. and a series of persecutions and anti-Jewish measures.

In 1263 C.E. there was a Disputation [deadly medieval form of "interfaith dialogue" forced on Jews by Christians] in which the Jews were not allowed to speak freely and as a result of which the great scholar Nachmanides left Spain.

In 1267 C.E. Nachmanides settled in Jerusalem and helped re-establish Jewish settlement in the Land of Israel.

Despite many difficulties Jews often lived well in Christian Spain and in 1294 C.E. it was recorded that 22% of the total revenue of the Kingdom of Castille was derived from the Jews.

In the decade 1280-1290 C.E. the Zohar was made public.

This period evidenced a flowering of Kabalistic (Spiritual Mysticism based on the Bible) studies.  In 1340 C.E. a great halachic work, "The Turim", was published.  Hasdia Ibn Crescas (a major Jewish philosopher) in the 1370s taught in Barcelona in the northeast of Spain.

In the 1390s C.E. there were riots and persecutions against the Jews and many became Christians out of fear or due to coercion.  Some of those who became Christian remained Jewish in secret.  Other Jews however adopted Christianity with great fanaticism and helped persecute their former brethren.

In 1413 C.E. there was another Disputation as a result of which the Talmud was censured and Jews persecuted. In this Disputation, Joseph Albo (who wrote an important work on the Articles of Faith) defended the Jewish cause.

In 1489 C.E. the Christian Kingdoms of Aragon and Castille united when their rulers, Ferdinand and Isabella [Ed. Note:  Ferdinand the Fool and Isabella the Idiot, who were stupid enough to expel the Jews of Spain in 1492], married each other.


EXPULSION OF THE JEWS FROM SPAIN


In 1492 C.E. Muslim Granada surrendered to Ferdinand and Isabella, the new Catholic Spanish Monarchs.  One of the conditions of Muslim surrender was that the status and rights of the Jews should be respected, but this agreement was broken and the Jews expelled.  Not only that but in 1492 C.E. all of the Jews were expelled from Spain.  Altogether possibly more than
200,000 Jews were exiled.

About 100,000 of the exiled Spanish Jews then went to Catholic Portugal from which they were expelled in 1496-97 C.E. after their children had been taken away from them.  The expulsion from Spain was accompanied by great hardship.  Those who were expelled lost most of their possessions and many of them were later robbed, raped, and sold into slavery or murdered in the
course of their enforced wanderings.

Great names of Spanish Jewry included some of the greatest and most original thinkers that have ever existed. Some of them were veritable geniuses and truly holy men.  They included writers of religious and philosophical works whose written word is often the best possible expression of literacy known in the annals of humanity.

A very small sampling of luminaries of Spanish Jewry include names such as Alfasi, Yehudah HaLevi, Iben Ezra, Maimonides, Solomon Iben Gabirol, Kimchi, Ibn Tibbon, Ibn Gikatilla, Abudarham, Albo, Crescas and Nachmanides.


CONVERSOS


Jews who did not wish to be expelled could convert to Christianity and many did.  These are known as "Conversos", "Marranos", or "Anusim".  There were about 300,000 (or more) of them.  Some of these "converts" attempted to maintain Jewish customs and beliefs.  This was an offence against Catholicism.

The Catholic Inquisition had been introduced into Spain in 1481 C.E. Jewish converts to Christianity tended to intermarry with remnants of the old Visigothic nobility.  They were hated by the common people and by elements within the Catholic Church.

The monarchy used the Catholic Inquisition as an additional tool in its relentless struggle to curb and control the aristocracy.  It was often required to demonstrate a "purity of blood", meaning proof that one had no Jewish ancestors.  Hundreds of thousands of people were questioned by the Inquisition that tortured and them and burned many of them alive.

A great number of those murdered were of Jewish descent.  The activities of the Catholic Inquisition had ethnic as well as religious implications.  The Conversos were often pro-English.  Amongst the conversos were Christopher Colombus, who discovered America, as well as the three men who financed the voyage of Colombus, a good portion of the crew on the ship of Colombus, and the first known white man in that era to set foot on American soil.

[Prof. Benjamin Netanyahu (father of Benjamin Netanyahu, former Prime Minister of Israel) is one of the foremost world authorities on the history and study of the Conversos]

Many Conversos later settled in the New World and it has been claimed that a good portion of the people of the southern United States and of Mexico bearing Spanish names may have Converso blood.

There is historical record of Jews in New Mexico as far back as the early 1500's C.E. (closer to 1540's). These were the Marranos, Jews who fled Spain, Portugal and Mexico, during the Catholic Inquisition that began in Spain under Tomas de Torquemada [Editor:  Torquemada the Twerp].

Conversos also went to France, where they intermarried with the Huegenots, or to Britain and Holland where they often returned to the Jewish fold.

By the Statute of Limpieza in 1547 C.E., purity of ancestry from the "taint" of converso blood as well as freedom from any accusations of heresy by the Catholic Inquisition were made conditions for all future Catholic ecclesiastical appointments.

In 1556 C.E. Philip II gave his royal approval to the statute on the grounds that "all the heresies in Germany, France and Spain have been sown by descendants of Jews" [Editor:  Three cheers for heretics].

As far as Germany and France were concerned, this remark was sheer fantasy, and it is especially ironic that, just at this time, Pope Paul IV, at war with Spain, described Philip II himself quite correctly as a Marrano, or descendant of Jews [Encyclopedia Brittanica].


Shalom from Jerusalem,


by Yair Davidi
[britam@netvision.net.il]

--------------------------------------------------

ABOUT YAIR DAVIDY:

YAIR DAVIDY is the founder of Brit-Am Israel, an organization that conducts research on the Lost Ten Tribes.  Mr. Davidy is the author of "Ephraim", "The Tribes" and "Lost Israelite Identity:  The Hebraic Origin of Celtic Races".  Mr. Davidi publishes "The Tribesman", a magazine devoted to research on the Lost Ten Tribes.


ABOUT THE LOST TRIBES FELLOWSHIP:

The Lost Tribes Fellowship of the Root & Branch Association conducts research on the Lost Ten Tribes.

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 Commentary from Eddie Chumney:

The following article is from an Orthodox Jewish organization in Israel who believes that the restoration of the two house of Israel (all 12 tribes) MUST happen BEFORE the coming of King Messiah. This is a fundamental belief among Orthodox Jews for the coming of King Messiah.

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From  "Temple Mount Faithfull" <gershon@templemountfaithful.org>
To: <tmf-list@templemountfaithful.org>


One of the main conditions and a
major event in the last-day redemption of Israel  in which we are now living is the regathering of Israel from all over the world back to the promised land of Israel. It happens now as an exciting fulfillment of prophecy and the Word of G-d.

*** The regathering of the Jewish People, including the Ten Tribes, was always a testimony, and even a condition, for the coming of Mashiach ben David. ***

The other two conditions are the reestablishment of the State of Israel in the land of the covenant, which happened in 1948, and the rebuilding of the temple which is to come. Privileged is the
generation in Israel and even all over the world which will personally se the fulfillment of the end-time godly prophecy for Israel.

All the prophets prophesied about this major end-time event of the regathering of the people of Israel from all the corners of the world. The prophet Isaiah states in chapter 49:12-23;

"Behold, these shall come from far; and, lo, these from the north and from the west; and these from the land of Sinim. Sing, O heavens; and be joyful, O earth; and break forth into singing O mountains; for the Lord has comforted his people, and has mercy upon his afflicted. But Zion says, The Lord has forsaken me, and my Lord has forgotten me. Can a woman forget her sucking child, that she should not have compassion on the son of her womb? Yes, even they may forget, but I will not forget you. Behold, I have engraved you upon the palms of my hands; your walls are continually before me. Your children shall make haste; your destroyers and those who destroyed you shall go away from you. Lift up your eyes around, and behold; all these gather themselves together, and come to you. As I live, says the Lord, you shall surely dress yourself with them all, as with an ornament, and bind them on you, as a bride does. For your destruction and your desolate places, and the land of your destruction, shall now be too narrow for your inhabitants; and those who swallowed you up shall be far away. The children who were taken away from you shall say again in your ears, The place is too narrow for me; give me room to dwell in. Then shall you say in your heart, Who has borne me these, seeing I have lost my children, a solitary, an exile, and a wanderer to and fro? and who has brought up these? Behold, I was left alone; these, where have they been? Thus says the Lord God, Behold, I will lift up my hand to the nations, and set up my standard to the people; and they shall bring your sons in their arms, and your daughters shall be carried upon their shoulders. And kings shall be your foster fathers, and their queens your nursing mothers; they shall bow down to you with their face toward the earth, and lick up the dust of your feet; and you shall know that I am the Lord; for those who wait for me shall not be ashamed."

In this prophecy, Isaiah mentions the land of China very clearly in v12 and it is so unique that recently even in China a lost Jewish community was discovered. This great prophet also sends a call to all the nations to be a part and to assist  in the godly regathering of the people of Israel in this great time and in 49:22-23 he states very clearly that they will do so.

Jeremiah prophesied in the same way and even gives the plan as to how G-d will regather the people in the last days.  "And I will make you pass with your enemies into a land which you know not; for a fire is kindled in my anger, which shall burn upon you. O Lord, you know; remember me, and be mindful of me, and revenge me of my persecutors; take me not away in your long suffering; know that for your sake I have suffered insult. Your words were found, and I ate them; and your word was to me the joy and rejoicing of my heart; for I am called by your name, O Lord God of hosts." (Jeremiah 15:14-16)

"Therefore all those who devour you shall be devoured; and all your adversaries, every one of them, shall go to captivity; and those who plunder you shall be plundered, and all those who  prey upon you will I give for a prey. For I will restore health to you, and I will heal your wounds, says the Lord; because they called you an outcast, saying, This is Zion, for whom no man cares. Thus says the Lord; Behold, I will bring back the captivity of Jacob's tents, and have mercy on his dwelling places; and the city shall be build upon her own mound, and the palace shall stand where it used to be. And out of them shall proceed thanksgiving and the voice of those who make merry; and I will multiply them, and they shall not be few; I will also glorify them, and they shall not be small. Their children also shall be as before, and their congregation shall be established before me, and I will punish all who oppress them. And their nobles shall be of themselves, and their governor shall proceed from their midst; and I will cause him to draw near, and he shall approach me; for who is this who engaged his heart to approach me? says the Lord. And you shall be my people, and I will be your God. Behold, the stormy wind of the Lord goes forth with fury, a continuing stormy wind; it shall fall with pain upon the head of the wicked. The fierce anger of the Lord shall not return, until he has done it, and until he has performed the intents of his heart; in the latter days you shall consider it. At the same time, says the Lord, will I be the God of all the families of Israel, and they shall be my people. Thus says the Lord, The people who survived the sword found grace in the wilderness; when Israel sought for rest. The Lord has appeared to me, far away, saying, I have loved you with an everlasting love; therefore I have remained true to you. Again I will build you, and you shall be built, O virgin of
Israel; you shall again be adorned with your tambourines, and shall go out dancing with those who make merry. You shall yet plant vines upon the mountains of Samaria; the planters shall plant, and shall enjoy the fruit. For there shall be a day, when the watchmen upon Mount Ephraim shall cry, Arise, and let us go up to Zion to the Lord our God. For thus says the Lord; Sing with gladness for Jacob, and shout on the hilltops of the nations; proclaim, praise, and say, O Lord, save your people, the remnant of Israel. Behold, I will bring them from the north country, and gather them from the ends of the earth, and with them the blind and the lame, the woman with child and she who labours with child together; a great company shall return there. They
shall come weeping, and with supplications will I lead them; I will make them walk by the rivers of waters in a straight way, where they shall not stumble; for I am a father to Israel, and Ephraim is my firstborn. Hear the word of the Lord, O you nations, and declare it in the islands far away, and say, He who scattered Israel will gather him, and keep him, like a shepherd keeps his flock. For the Lord has redeemed Jacob, and ransomed him from the hand of him who was stronger than he. Therefore they shall come and sing in the height of Zion, and shall flow to the goodness of the Lord, for wheat, and for wine, and for oil, and for the young of the flock and of the herd; and their soul shall be like a watered garden; and they shall not languish in
sorrow any more. Then shall the virgin rejoice in the dance, both young men and old together; for I will turn their mourning to joy, and will comfort them, and make them rejoice from their sorrow. And I will satiate the soul of the priests with fatness, and my people shall be satisfied with my goodness, says the Lord. Thus says the Lord; A voice was heard in Ramah, lamentation, and bitter weeping; Rachel weeping for her children refused to be comforted for her children, because they were not. Thus says the Lord; Refrain your voice from weeping, and your eyes from tears; for your work shall be rewarded, says the Lord; and they shall come again from the land of the enemy. And there is hope for your future, says the Lord, that your children shall come again to their own border. I have surely heard Ephraim bemoaning himself thus; You have chastised me, and I was chastised, like a bull unaccustomed to the yoke; turn me back, and I shall be turned; for you are the Lord my God. For after I had returned away, I repented; and after I was instructed, I struck upon my thigh; I was ashamed and even confounded, because I did bear the reproach of my youth. Is Ephraim my dear son? Is he a darling child? For whenever I speak of him, I earnestly remember him still; therefore my inward parts are troubled for him; I will surely have mercy upon him, says the Lord. Set up road marks for yourself, make signposts; set your heart towards the road, the way on which you go; turn back, O virgin of Israel, turn back to these your cities. How long will you go about, O you faithless daughter? for the Lord has created a new thing in the earth: A woman shall court a man. Thus says the Lord of hosts, the God of Israel; Again they shall use these words in the land of Judah and in its cities, when I shall bring back their captivity; The Lord bless you, O habitation of justice, and mountain of holiness. And there shall dwell in Judah itself, and in all its cities together, farmers, and those who go forth with flocks. For I will satisfy the weary soul, and I will replenish every sorrowful soul. Upon this I awoke, and looked on; and my sleep was sweet to me. Behold, the days come, says the Lord, that I will sow the house of Israel and the house of Judah with the seed of man, and with the seed of beast." (Jeremiah 30:14-31:26)

"But do not fear, O my servant Jacob, and be not dismayed, O Israel; for, behold, I will save you from far away, and your seed from the land of their captivity; and Jacob shall return, and be in rest and at ease, and none shall make him afraid. Do not fear, O my servant Jacob, says the Lord; for I am with you; for I will make a full end of all the nations where I have driven you; but I will not make a full end of you, but correct you in due measure; yet I will not leave you unpunished." (Jeremiah 46:27:28)

"The hand of the Lord was upon me, and carried me out in the wind of the Lord, and set me down in the midst of the valley which was full of bones, And he led me around among them; and, behold, there were very many in the open valley; and, behold, they were very dry. And he said to me, Son of man, can these bones live? And I answered, O Lord God, you know. And he said to me, Prophesy over these bones, and say to them, O you dry bones, hear the word of the Lord. Thus says the Lord God to these bones; Behold, I will cause breath to enter into you, and you shall live; And I will lay sinews upon you, and will bring up flesh upon you, and cover you with skin, and put breath in you, and you shall live; and you shall know that I am the Lord. And I prophesied as I was commanded; and as I prophesied, there was a noise, and behold a shaking, and the bones came together, bone to its bone. And as I beheld, behold, the sinews and the flesh came up upon them, and the skin covered them above; but there was no breath in them. And he said to me, Prophesy to the breath, prophesy, son of man, and say to the breath, Thus says the Lord God: Come from the four winds, O breath, and breathe upon these slain, that they may live. And I prophesied as he commanded me, and the breath came into them, and they lived, and stood up upon their feet, a very large army. Then he said to me, son of man, these bones are the whole house of Israel; behold, they say, Our bones are dried, and our hope is lost; we are clean cut off. Therefore prophesy and say to them, Thus says the Lord God: Behold, O my people, I will open your graves, and cause you to come up out of your graves, and bring you into the land of Israel. And you shall know that I am the Lord, when I have opened your graves, O my people, and brought you up from your graves, And I shall put my spirit in you, and you shall live, and I shall place you in your own land; then shall you know that I, the Lord, have spoken it, and performed it, says the Lord." (Ezekiel 37:1-14)

"Sing, O daughter of Zion; shout, O Israel; be glad and rejoice with all your heart, O daughter of Jerusalem. The Lord has taken away your judgments, he has cast out your enemy. The king of Israel, the Lord, is in your midst; you shall not see evil any more. On that day it shall be said to Jerusalem, Do not fear, O Zion! Let not your hands be slack. The Lord your God is in your midst; a mighty one who saves, he will rejoice over you with joy; he will be silent in his love, he will joy over you with singing. I will gather those who mourn far away for the solemn assembly, who were of you, who had borne for you the burden of insult. Behold, at that time I will undo all who afflict you; and I will save her who limps, and gather her who was driven out; and I will
get praise and fame to those who have been put to shame in all the earth. At that time I will bring you back, and at that time I will gather you; for I will make you a name and a praise among all the people of the earth, when I restore your captivity before your eyes, says the Lord." (Zephaniah 3:14-20)

"Behold, the days come, says the Lord, when the plowman shall overtake the reaper, and the treader of grapes him who sows seed; and the mountains shall drop sweet wine, and all the hills shall melt. And I will bring again the captivity of my people of Israel, and they shall rebuild the ruined cities, and inhabit them; and they shall plant vineyards, and drink their wine; they shall also make gardens, and eat their fruit. And I will plant them upon their land, and they shall no more be plucked up out of their land which I have given them, says the Lord your God." (Amos 9:13-15)

"Again the word of the Lord of hosts came to me, saying, Thus says the Lord of hosts; I was zealous for Zion with great zeal, and I was zealous for her with great fury. Thus says the Lord: I have returned to Zion, and will dwell in the midst of Jerusalem; and Jerusalem shall be called the City of Truth; and the mountain of the Lord of hosts the Holy Mountain. Thus says the Lord of hosts: Old men and old women shall again dwell in the streets of Jerusalem, and every man with his staff in his hand for the fullness of days. And the streets of the city shall be full of boys and girls playing in its streets. Thus says the Lord of hosts: If it is marvelous in the eyes of the remnant of this people in these days, should it also be marvellous in my eyes? says the Lord of hosts. Thus says the Lord of hosts: Behold, I will save my people from the east country, and from the west country; And I will bring them, and they shall dwell in the midst of Jerusalem; and
they shall be my people, and I will be their God, in truth and in righteousness." (Zechariah 8:1-8)

The people who are now living in Israel are now seeing great miracles and the daily fulfillment of these great prophecies. The future will be even more exciting and we should expect great godly events and the word-by-word fulfillment of prophecy. We thank G-d for this and blessed are those who trust and love the G-d of Israel

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