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From: Rabbi Moshe Joseph Koniuchowsky [mailto:ravmoshe@bellsouth.net] To: heb_roots_chr@hebroots.org Subject: YAHSHUA OUR MESSIAH YAHWEH ( PART ONE)
YAHSHUA OUR MESSIAH YAHWEH (Part 1 of 2) By Rabbi Moshe Joseph Koniuchowsky
YAHWEH CAN BE UNDERSTOOD
The issue of Messiah Yahshua's place in the Echad of Israel remains one of the most hotly debated theological issues of our or any day. Yet, it does not really have to be that way. Scripture is most clear as to Yahshua's place in Father Yahweh, as well as that of the Ruach HaKodesh and His place in Yahweh. And, that's the key! They both emanate from Father Yahweh and neither part of Yahweh can live apart from Father Yahweh, since He and He alone is the source of all power and redemption. Apart from Father Yahweh, Yahshua the Word of Yahweh does not exist and can do nothing.
THE FATHER'S INITIAL MANIFESTATION
The purpose in this teaching is to clearly show that the Savior and the Ruach are both clearly Yahweh, but never as three persons. While manmade doctrinal councils have declared Yahweh to be a trinity of persons, Scripture has not and has strictly forbidden such speculation. There are many articles on the historical origins of the pagan trinity of three separate but equal persons and we will not attempt to better explain that which has been well documented elsewhere. Also we will show how modealism or "Yahshua only" in differing modes is equally as erroneous as is the manmade trinity. Clearly we are dealing with two eternal aspects of the Elohim of Israel. ONE IS THE Father AND THE OTHER IS THE SON! By understanding the relationship between them, we can then understand their relationship with us their children.
Yahshua pre-existed prior to His first parousia (advent) into the earth. In Mishle (Proverbs 30:4) we see the Yahweh Elohim and His Son defined as both being partners in creation. The Hebrew reads: "Mah shemo ooh ma shem bainoh ki tadah?" So the fact of Messiah Yahshua's pre-existence was an established fact that had Solomon's attention. Now, as we are about to discover, the Son of Yahweh was brought forth before He was begotten. Or in other words, He always existed in the Father's bosom. But He was not brought forth from the Father, until the Father spoke Him forth! Since Yahshua was in the bosom of the Father, (John 1:18) He is said to be His eternal Son! However officially He did not become the Son until the Father Yahweh took him out and away from His bosom and released Him into the cosmos. We see this startling understanding confirmed by Rav Shaul in Colossians 1:15, where Yahshua is not only called the likeness of the invisible Father but the Father-Yahweh's first act of personal manifestation. Notice Yahshua is not the Father's first act of creation. For truly YAHSHUA WAS NEVER CREATED! That is and will always be heresy! The term firstborn in the Greek is prototokos, which means, (Strong's #4416, from #4413) the chief manifestation of the Father, taking place BEFORE ALL CREATION! Messiah Yahshua was the visible result of the first time the Father decided to cast Himself in a new and in an unprecedented way and thus reached into Himself or His bosom and caused the engrafted Word to go forth. By going forth from the Father-Yahweh's bosom, we can see how it is said that the Word came from His bosom, by being brought forth or taken out from the Father. Being "brought forth" and "being begotten" is not the same concept and unless we understand that crucial difference, many believers will continue to be confused. The "brought forth" declaration was an event in eternity past, that you and I missed, at the beginning of Yahweh's purpose for revealing Himself to the cosmos. John 1:14 makes reference to this Word that was brought forth in eternity past and has come into the world, in order to be begotten into humanity!
FROM THE BOSOM OF THE FATHER
In John 1:1 Scripture shows us that this initial firstborn manifestation of Yahweh, was His own Word that emanated from His own bosom or His heart. Before the Word was sent forth or brought forth, it was with Elohim, as an eternal AND INTERNAL part of Elohim. Therefore the Word was Elohim Himself! As long as Yahweh the Father has existed, so has His Word that resided in Him, since He and His Word are inseparable, as opposed to that which the so-called "church" has done and taught. Since Yahweh has no beginning neither does His Word and both the Father and His Word, (not 2 persons) existed in each other, with the lesser residing inside of the greater. When Father Yahweh released His Word from His bosom, He brought forth His very own Word in what seemed like an act of creation but was not. It was a mere transference of the abiding engrafted Word from an internal to an external setting. Once released from the bosom, it unleashed its inbred creative powers upon the universe and thus created all things. Colossians 1:16 confirms this unleashing of the energy of His spoken Word and all things became subject to His Word, which was the Father's first manifestation of His self-contained glory. Once that glory had been brought forth out f its containment, all things that His Word created, became His Word's property and through Him the Father's property. That is why Yahshua said many times all that the Father has is mine and all I have is His (John 17:9-10).
HIS WORD IS THE GLUE THAT HOLDS
The reason that the universe does not fall apart is because the Word which is Yahweh's bond and His omnipotence, holds all things together according to Colossians 1:18. In His eternal pre-existent Word, all of the Father's power resides. Due to this truth Rav Shaul could proclaim in Colossians 2:9 and Colossians 2:3 that in His Word, dwelt all the fullness of the Father's given Power and authority, as well as all of the Father's knowledge and wisdom. Since the Father has given all Power, authority and wisdom to His Word, His Word is equal to the Father in His power, might and wisdom. Having said this however, it is most necessary to remember that His Word is never to be confused with the Father, since numerous times in Scripture the Father is called the Elohim of the Messiah Himself and Yahshua chips in with many reminders that the Father was, is, and always will be, greater than He is (John 20:28, 1st Cor.15-24-28, Ephesians 1:3, Ephesians 1:17, Ephesians 4:6). This is the wonderful mystery or secret hid in many respects in the First Covenant. That Elohim our Father was not the Creator but decided to bring forth His Word and allowed His Word to make all things, so that in all things the Father would be seen as the greater One, who allowed His Word to be brought forth in the first place.
BROUGHT FORTH BEFORE BEGOTTEN
John 1:18 makes it fully clear that once His Word was brought FORTH, that Father Yahweh immediately named this recast manifestation of Himself with the title: THE SON OR MY SON. We must not lose focus of this important point at this stage. Yahweh Himself called or better yet RENAMED His Word as "The SON"! Scripture teaches that the Word was named the SON and the Son was named Yahshua, (for what Father does not name His Son, with a personal noun and recognizable name?). Proverbs 30:4, makes it clear that the Son had His name BEFORE BEING BEGOTTEN in Miriam's womb in Bethlehem, as does Micah 5:2, where Israel's Governor is described as being "brought forth" from and to Yahweh the Father in eternity past! Failure to understand that Yahweh brought forth His Son by sending Him from His own bosom, before coming forth from a human womb, is what will continue to confuse those who choose to be confused. Yahweh "brought forth" in a manner that is not familiar to us as humans and that is why we get things so messed up in our doctrines, specifically in our Christology.
BIRTHING HIS OWN ESTABLISHED WORD
Yahweh birthed or released His own established Word by releasing it into the universe and then renaming it as the Messiah Yahshua. Let us emphasize again that this is not a creation act upon Yahshua, or of "a" Yahshua as many teach but rather a releasing of the eternal Word from His bosom and then the RENAMING HIS OWN WORD as Yahshua, as a reward for Yahshua's perfect obedience (which He had to relearn after His incarnation as the theanthropas according to Hebrews 5:7-8) in creating the cosmos, according to the entire pattern laid out by the Father. Then the Father Yahweh asks both David and his son Solomon, if either of them understand that His Son got His own Name from Father Yahweh, as a reward for faithfulness in the successful creation of the cosmos (Genesis 1:31). This pre-existent re-naming of His Word as the Son Yahshua, who would come to earth, is called by Father Yahweh the TORAH OF THE ETERNAL BROUGHT FORTH SON according to Psalm 2:7. To BRING FORTH means to bring forth as would a midwife. So we see the Father in this eternal and unusual maternal role, as a midwife for His Son, just like Yocheved used a midwife (Exodus 1:17-21) in the delivery of Moses, the redeemer of the Torah. In order for believers to be favored and receive immortality at the first pre-millennial resurrection, (not rapture) we are told to kiss the pre-existent SON, thus complying with the Torah mitzvah of "venashku bar", or the kissing of Yahweh's Son (Psalm 2:12). In Psalm 2:8 we see that the Son's destiny is to inherit the earth along with all the Israelite nations (Gen.48: 19). When we take total refuge in this Torah of the pre-existent Son, formerly the Word of Yahweh, we will avoid Yahweh's wrath (Psalm 2:12). This same Scripture is quoted in five places in the Brit Chadasha, using the Greek equivalent gennao, (Strong's #1080) all meaning a birth by springing forth. John 1:14 reminds us that it was this Word/Yahshua, who became flesh and lived in Israel among us. Notice part B of this fascinating verse. That which our people Israel actually beheld in the 1st century, was the glory of the One brought forth by the Father in eternity past (Isaiah 60:1-3)! The process, by which we got to behold this glory of the "yalad bein" or begotten SON is called the begetting or incarnation of the "brought forth" Holy One, into this world. Therefore the Messiah Yahshua, the Word of Yahweh, became visible to mankind through Miriam's womb. That birth was not a bringing forth but simply a begetting or supernatural human conception, through the Power of Yahweh, also known as the Ruach HaKodesh of the Father (Acts 1:4)!
Pre-Existent Savior
In Revelation 3:14, the eternal Word/Son Yahshua, is called the arche of Yahweh or the commencement of the Father's manifestations, or the first primary, highest or chief manifestation of the Father, in a chain of many future manifestations by the same omnipotent Father. The Originator is always greater than His manifestation, regardless of which plane that manifestation is revealed! Yahshua is the Word and is the first emanation from Yahweh's bosom and is also referred to as the head or chief (arche Strong's #746) or primary manifestation in both sequence and power, of all that Yahweh the Father is and always will be. The Father was greater then Yahshua in eternity past, as He remains today and will yet be in eternity future (1st Corinthians 15:24-28).
There are boastful, deceitful and cankerous heretics, who make the rounds by denying Yahshua's pre-existence as His Word. What follows is some scriptural ammunition for the true believer, to defend him or herself with the Sword of the Ruach. The last thing we need in Messianic circles, is for any more rabbis, leaders and laity, to fall prey to S.A.Tan, who walks about as a roaring lion to devour our movement. While we must not make any allowance for the three persons, thrice headed trinity, neither should we make allowance for any heresy that denies Yahshua's pre-existence! In John 6:62, in response to the hardness and unbelief of some talmidim, Yahshua challenged them by stating,"What if you see the Son of Man going up [to] where He was before?" In essence Messiah Yahshua tells them that He can, if and when He chooses, show them His previous pre-existence as the Eternal Word of His Father, (not the Father) who became the Son, way before coming to this earth in Bethlehem. In Bethlehem the pre-existent Son officially became Israel's Governor. In John 3:16 Yahshua clearly declares that no one ever could have possibly come down from heaven, including the Father, except the Son. If the Son did not pre-exist as Yahweh's Word, He could have never made this astounding claim!
In John 8:23 Messiah Yahshua states that: "I am from above", reminding His talmidim of His origins. HaAdon Yahshua in John 6:46 claims to be from or para Elohim. This literally means "beside" Elohim, before He came down as the bread of life (John 6:50-51). He as the bread of life came down from His former glory in pre-existence and became our bread of eternal life. In John 8:58 Yahshua claims that "Before Abraham was birthed, "I AM", or literally: Ego Eimi (Strong's #1510) I ALREADY EXISTED!!! In John 6:37 Messiah Yahshua announces to our people Israel that He has seen the Father's form. If the Father never left heaven, the seat of His glory, where else would Yahshua His Son/Word have seen the Father's spiritual form, unless He himself had been an eyewitness to that form, in the third heaven?
In John 1:1 the logos is said to be WITH Elohim. The word "with" is the Greek word "pros" and literally means by the side or next to. The logos was so close to Father Yahweh that He recognized His Father's form. Yahweh fathered His Word right next to Him. Proverbs 8:24,30). Yochanan Hamatbeel, (John the Baptist) was physically born before the Messiah Yahshua. Yet he stated that "He [Yahshua] already existed before me" in John 1:15. Since this is not true about His (Yahshua's) natural earthly birth, because Yochanan was born six months before Yahshua, then Yochanan Hamamtbeel was surely talking about the eternal Spirit realm, seeing that Yahweh and His Son are both Spirit (John 4:24). We see further in John 17:5 HaAdon Yahshua clearly referencing His having received the Father's glory, when the Father took His own Word and glorified Him by bringing Him forth and establishing Him as the Son. Yahshua was and is, the only brought forth Son of His love. All this action that we missed, took place before Yahweh-Yahshua created the world. He had to be glorified prior to the commencement (arche) of His creation activity. The Father transferred His Word into the manifestation known as Yahshua, even as Father Yahweh later is said to have transferred us from darkness into the Son's Kingdom (Colossians 1:13). John 17:18 further confirms this truth. The scriptural pattern of renaming an individual or person as a reward for obedience to a calling or a purpose, is a behavior Yahshua learned from His Father, when His Word had a Name given Him and was brought forth as the Son (Matt 16:18, Gen. 32:28).
Second Peter 3:1-7 speaks of unlearned men who believe in a three headed idolatrous papal trinity, calling them ignorant of the simple plain fact that the Word/Yahshua Elohim, created the heavens and the earth which now exists, all the while preserving the same heavens and earth, for the future "Day of Yahweh" judgments. Rav Shaul confirms that the unreachable riches of Messiah can only be comprehended by those, who see Him as He truly is. "The fellowship of the mystery that has been hidden from the foundation of the world and has been HID IN ELOHIM, [the Father] who created all things by Messiah Yahshua (Ephesians 3:8-9)." Without the revelation of this mystery previously hid inside Yahweh the Father's bosom, Messiah Himself being that mystery, none can see the Son as the Creator/Word of the Father, yet not a separate person from the Father. This is the key to godly fellowship, (mystery of fellowship) away from the pagan influences of Trinitarian sects. This mystery is further detailed in Philippians 2:5-7, where Yahshua is said to have been His Word with a shared "morphe", or a shared nature and equal "isos", or exactly like the Father, yet not the Father, and NOT A SECOND DISTINCT PERSON!
In Psalms 110:1, the one at Yahweh's side is called David's Adon or Master. According to Hebrews 1:14 only the Son of Yahweh sits at Yahweh's right hand. The occupant of the position or throne is called Yahweh in Psalm 110:5. Yahweh [Word/Son] at your [Father's] right hand! In Hebrews 1:2 the Son is seen as the Creator. Yahshua is the very Creator after being "brought forth" as the Son. Prior to creation He was known simply as the internal Word of Elohim. Hebrews 1:3 reaffirms that Yahshua the living Word holds all things from falling apart by His creative power. Hebrews 1:3 calls Yahshua the EXACT OR CHIEF or initial revealed representation of the Father. Notice He is not a second person but the chief and primary expression of His Father. And since His Word is Yahweh, Yahweh is His Word and Yahshua is the same Word, then Yahshua is Yahweh! Even at the end of the Great Tribulation, Yahshua returns from heaven in Revelation 19:10, as the Word of Yahweh, coming to resurrect His believing children. Even today and even in the age to come, He remains the eternal glorified incarnated Word of Yahweh!
A RETURN TO HIS EARLIER PLACE!
By being invited to sit down at the Fathers right hand, Yahshua MERELY RETURNED TO HIS PLACE OF HONOR, the "pros" of His Father and did not occupy a new seat created for the Messiah, after His physical resurrection (Hosea 5:15, John 6:62). Hebrews 1:5, confirms that His Word did not become the Son until the Father decided to glorify Him, by anointing and honoring Him as His own Son, rather than just merely His Word. First the Son was gloried in heaven then glorified on earth by His resurrection. He returned to heaven to his OLD SEAT, which the Father no doubt, kept warm for His RETURNING only "brought forth" Son! Hebrews 1:8-10 and Psalm 45:6-7 confirm that Yahshua did not assume or ascend the throne for the first time as the physically resurrected Son. That throne was eternal and pre-existed right next to the Father's throne, in eternity past. As it is written: "To the Son He said: "Thy throne O Elohim, is forever and forever [forever to forever]." Hebrews 1:10 confirms that the "brought forth" Yahweh at Yahweh's right hand, is the true Creator.
Daniel sees the Son of Man at the Father's pros or His side [throne] in Daniel 7:13-14, 580 years before His Bethlehem birth. Both Yahshua and His throne are forever, thus reaffirming Yahshua as Yahweh, seeing that His throne is equally eternal to that of the Father's! Psalms 33:6, confirms the Word/Yahshua as the Eternal Creator.
ONLY YAHWEH CAN WALK ON WATER
In Job 9:1-8, Yahweh alone is described as having the ability to walk on the waves of the water, since He alone made them and as such knows exactly how to walk on them, thereby defying the law of gravity. In Matthew 8:23-27, Yahshua proved He was Yahweh who made The Sea Of Galilee by walking on Galilee! In Isaiah 44:24C&D&E, Yahweh is said to be the Creator. That same Creator is said to be mankind's Savior, having "NONE [NO ONE] BESIDE ME", or no SECOND PERSON BESIDE ME, either in salvation or the Creation of the nation of Israel!!!(Isaiah 60:16).
The Son of Yahweh, the Father's first brought forth manifestation, is often called the "right hand" of Yahweh, since that is His position both before and after the incarnation. Psalm 110:5 calls the right arm or right side of Yahweh the Father, the Yahweh at Yahweh's right side or Yahweh's right arm. Isaiah 52:10 calls the right hand of Yahweh, the salvation instrument of Yahweh or the pre-existent Yahshua. In Isaiah 53:1 Yahweh the Father promises to make Yahshua the pre-existent Son bare by revealing the "brought forth Yahweh" at his own right/side/arm to the entire globe. Isaiah 59:1-16 talks much of the eternal Son, as the right arm or the earthly begotten Son of the Father's salvation.
Messiah Yahshua previously known in heaven as the logos, or the davar, has to be Yahweh Himself. In Isaiah 43:10 Yahweh makes it clear, that He did not form Yahshua nor create a lesser #2 Elohim person. "Before me there was no El formed and neither shall there be after me." Yahshua as the Son of Yahweh was never created or formed. Rather He was simply manifested from the Father's bosom into a renewed role. As Savior His role changed, as it will change once again when He comes to fully reunite both houses of Israel, at the end of this age, making death His last vanquished enemy. Then the "New Age", or the age to come, the Olam Habah, will see Him deliver His kingdom to the Father, as He Himself is subjected to the only One, who is excepted from being under Yahshua's authority. The Word described as having been brought forth as the Son of Yahweh, does not violate the integrity of the text found in Isaiah 43:10, which precludes Yahshua being created or being Michael the whipping boy angel of the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society.
Messiah Yahshua was never formed or created. He is said to be the Aleph and the Tav, as is His Father, (Revelation 1:6, 1:11, 22:13, 21:6,) and Hebrews 12:2, where Yahshua is the Creator and Finisher of the faith of Abraham, Isaac and Israel. In the Hebrew of Genesis 1:1 it is written: "Bereshit bara Elohim "aleph-tav" hashamayim vet haarettz." Or in the beginning Elohim created, ["brought forth" the Aleph-Tav] known today as the Son, Messiah Yahshua. Again, this rendering does not imply Yahshua as a created being but rather as being brought forth from the Father's bosom to be His Aleph-Tav. The eternal Son became the "first and last" of the Brit Chadashsh, begotten in Nazareth, born in Bethlehem, to assume the earthly role, as the manifestation of the invisible heavenly Aleph Tav! Aleph Tav is both a description of the eternality of Father Yahweh and an adjective used to describe the Son's earthly role. Yahshua was never created but rather brought forth from the existing substance and essence of His Father's bosom, just like Adam, who was not actually created from nothing but TAKEN and "brought forth" from the existing essence or bosom of the earth and renamed AD-AM. If you can grasp the Genesis 2:7 account, you will see an excellent analogy of just how Yahweh BROUGHT FORTH His very own Word.
MOSES AND YAHSHUA
In John 5:39 HaAdon Yahshua claims that in the Torah, Moses wrote about Him extensively. He is therefore astounded that Israelites so familiar with Moses's writings, cannot see the One Moses specifically wrote about. However here is the point! Moses our teacher wrote about the coming Messiah Yahshua. Since there are very few specific messianic prophecies in the Torah itself, the majority of Torah speaks about Yahshua as the eternal pre-existent Word, delivered to Israel at Sinai. Israel's Word delivered to Moses at Sinai, speaks and testifies of Yahshua in every verse, since Yahshua is His Father's Word brought forth as the Son in eternity past and later conceived as the begotten of the Father, in Miriam's womb. Moses's non-Messianic prophetic writings speak clearly of Yahshua and therefore Moses had to by definition been writing about Yahshua's pre-incarnate reality. The Father's Living Word visiting with him for 40 days at Horeb. In like manner Yahshua the same incarnate Living Word, visited with his talmidim on Olivet for 40 days! Both visitations took place after three days of preparation!
In fact Moses always understood the LIVING WORD AS YAHWEH, as seen for example so perfectly in Deuteronomy 5:5. Moses is said to have stood between Father Yahweh and Israel in order to declare to Israel THE WORD OF YAHWEH or the WORD "BROUGHT FORTH" FROM YAHWEH, FOR ISRAEL! This scene is repeated many times throughout Torah! Every time Moses faithfully discharged THE WORD BROUGHT FORTH from Father Yahweh, he was receiving a message directly through the Son to give to Israel! In John 5:46 Yahshua states that: "Moses wrote about me." We can see that almost all of Moses's writings referred to Yahshua's pre-incarnate state (Deut. 18:18 being an exception). These "Word of Yahweh" references by Moses, further validate the Son's eternal existence as Yahweh's Word. Moses wrote about Yahweh Himself being Israel's only Rock of Salvation (Deut. 32:3-4) and Rav Shaul identified Messiah Yahshua the Son, as the same Rock of Salvation that Moses referenced (1st Corinthians 10:4).
FURTHER INSIGHT
Father Yahweh always works through the Son. He did before the dawn of time. He did for the creation of time. He did in the First Covenant and still does in the Renewed Everlasting Covenant. In Genesis 19:24 we see Yahweh on earth, (the begotten Son) after dining with Abraham, calling down fire and brimstone from Yahweh out of heaven. One Yahweh. The Father in heaven! The Son on earth! Both working in perfect harmony! Yahshua said that He and His Father are one, (MIA) always working together in perfect harmony and perfect agreement (John 10:30). In John 10:33 the false accusation against Messiah was that He was claiming to be the Father-Elohim of Israel. First Yahshua reminds them that to be Elohim, does not mean that one claims to be the Father. He reminds these Israelites, that all Israelites are called Elohim in Psalm 82:6, as were Israel's Judges, as a reminder that anyone receiving Yahweh's Word becomes His child (John 1:12). That individual is strengthened to be come mighty or a "mighty-one", an Elohim in faith. More importantly, Yahshua denies the false accusation by restating His true position. His position is found in John 10:36, where He stakes His claim as the SON OF YAHWEH and not as the Father Yahweh! He is accusing the unbelievers of misquoting His claim. So let us determine to call Yahshua what Yahshua calls Himself. Not a second person with Daddy in the celestial dimension, rather as His Word who was brought forth as the SON and conceived in Miriam's womb, as the begotten of Yahweh. Miriam's womb did not make Him "The Son", rather her womb later begat "The" Son into the visible realm. Any scientist will tell you that matter can be transferred or rearranged into a different form of energy but never truly destroyed.
We often see the Father and the Son in eternal Spirit form, in such Scriptures as Isaiah 43:11, where the Hebrew phrase anochi, anochi,. I, I or I even I, are seen as both being Yahweh and both being the Savior. This concept of I and I or I even I, is found in Deuteronomy 32:39, where Yahweh speaks of Himself and His Son by saying "reooh atah ki ani, ani, see now I and I, or I, I. The plurality of the one Yahweh was, is and will always be. We must learn that plurality of divine manifestations, does not equate to three persons, which would be a direct violation of Torah. Yahweh Himself forbids any other second or third or forth "Yahweh Elohim Persons", to be placed before His Holy presence. To have a "second person Yahweh" in front of His presence, would violate His very own Torah, (Exodus 20:3) not to mention His appetite. Anything emanating from Him on numerous biblical occasions would by definition have to be Him, yet only as a manifestation of Him and certainly not another person, with life in themselves! Yahshua reminded us, that the Father is the one who had to first give Him the authority to have life in Himself, since it emanated from the Father and was given to the Son (John 5:26).
Since Yahweh the Father has never appeared to humans and yet we know that Yahweh has manifested to humans, there can be no doubt that these manifestations were of His Word that became crowned with honor and glory and received coronation as the eternal Son. Thus it is written, "Thy Word have you exalted [along with], your Name above all (through past coronation). His Word and His Name Yahweh are equal and the same according to Psalm 138:2. (The Scriptures Edition ISR 1998; South Africa)
END PART 1 OF 2
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