Subject: Hebraic Roots Glossary - Part 4
Date: Wed, 4 Feb 1998 22:57:46 +0000
To: "Hebraic Heritage Newsgroup"<heb_roots_chr@geocities.com>
From: JOHANVR <johanvr@srvnac3.nac.ac.za>
Subject: Comprehensive Glossary of Hebraic Terms - Part 4
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Reply-to: JOHANVR@NAC.AC.ZA
Expository Glossary
of Terms Used in
Messianic Teaching (Part 4)
c February 1998
Expository Glossary of Terms used in Messianic Teaching
Order this Glossary from:
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HELDERBERG
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Preface
This Expository Glossary of Terms used in Messianic Teaching was
developed for a Messianic study group that has been meeting in the
Helderberg area of South Africa since mid-1995. We plan to publish
three studies on the Messiah, entitled:
King Messiah
The Coming of King Messiah
The Festivals of King Messiah.
The Expository Glossary of Terms used in Messianic Teaching explains
unfamiliar terms that talmidim (students) will encounter in their
studies.
Students are requested to notify us (in writing) of all difficult
terms used in the three monographs listed above, which have been left
out, ore are not adequately explained, in the Glossary.
Key
Entries followed by the symbol [G] are Greek terms.
Entries followed by the symbol [L] are Latin terms.
Entries followed by the symbol [A] are Aramaic terms.
Almost all other foreign-language entries are Hebrew.
(Part 4)
Chanukah
Literally: dedication; name of the festival commemorating the
Maccabean victory over the Syrians under Antiochus IV "Epiphanes" in
the year 165 BM.
Chanukah, the Festival of Dedication, begins on Kislev 25. It looks
back at the rededication of the House of YHWH after the Maccabees had
driven the forces of Antiochus IV "Epiphanes" from Yerushalayim.
Prophetically, Chanukah looks forward towards the rededication of the
Temple after the second coming of the Messiah-the Temple that will be
desecrated by the False Messiah, who will be of the spirit of
Antiochus IV "Epiphanes." The fact that Chanukah falls exactly 75
days after Yom Kippur, gives the only viable explanation for the 1335
days of Dani'el 12.
The Institution of Chanukah: The consecration of the Temple and
dedication of the new altar were celebrated for eight days. At that
stage, it was not yet called Chanukah but rather "The Sukkot Feast of
the Month of Kislev." The Jews, who had not been able to observe
Sukkot while the Temple was still in the hands of the pagan Syrian
Greeks, were now able to gather within its walls for joyful assembly.
As Sukkot was observed for eight days, the feast of dedication was
equally observed for eight days. And there was an additional reason
for regarding the feast as a second Sukkot: both the First and the
Second Temples had been dedicated on Chag Sukkot-see 1 Kings 8, 2:2-65
and Nechemyah 8:13-18.
The name Chanukah which this Feast eventually received, links it to
the consecration of the mitzbeach (altar) in the Tent of Meeting in
the desert:
Numbers 7:60
"zot chanukat ha-mitzbeach."
"This was the dedication of the altar."
After the original celebration, an ordinance was issued and accepted
by the people:
Maccabees 4:36-61
Then Y'hudah [Maccabeus] and his brothers and the whole congregation
of Israel established that the days of the consecration of the altar
be celebrated for eight days at this period, namely beginning with the
tenty-fifth of the month of Kislev, in joy and happy renewal.
Macccabees 10:5-9
It came about that on the very same day (3 years later) on which the
Mikdash had been profaned by aliens, the purification of the Mikdash
took place, and they celebrated it for eight days with gladness, like
the Sukkot festival since they had missed it during the time of
war.and declared that the whole Jewish nation should observe these
days every year as a remeberance of their victory.
Although this festival of Chanukah is not officially instituted in
canonised Scripture, the book of Daniel contains prophecies about the
rededication of the Temple after the reign of Antiochus IV
"Epiphanes." The prophecies of Haggai also allude to Chanukah. In
the text of the Torah, there are coded messages about the Maccabees
and the festival of Chanukah.
The following article and information is taken from a newsletter
written by Messianic Jewish believer Dr Randy Weiss, the founder of a
Jewish Roots ministry called CrossTalk. The CrossTalk Web Site is
located at http://www.crosstalk.org/
THE HISTORY OF HANUKKAH
Alexander the Great was a famous Greek King who conquered most of the
known world in his day. He dominated all of the Near East which
included the land of Israel during the 4th Century B.C.E. After his
death, his kingdom was divided into four parts. The land of Israel was
under the dynasty of the Seleucid dynasty that dominated the area of
Syria. This is the historical background and setting to the Hanukkah
story. It began in approxiamately in 167 BCE when a king named
Antiochus Epiphanes tried to force the hellenization (accept the ways
and practices of the Greek Empire) of all his subjects. Jewish
practices such as the keeping of the Sabbath and circumcision were
forbidden. They even commanded that the Jews sacrifice the most
unclean of animals, a pig, to Zeus instead of the animals that YHWH
required and instituted through the Levitical priesthood in the
Temple. Some Jews desired to assimulate and accept the Greek ways but
other Jews refused and some were brutally killed.
When the Greeks arrived in the city of Modi'in ( a city about 17 miles
from Jerusalem), they set up an altar and commanded the Jews to come
and sacrifice a pig. Mattathias, an old priest, was enraged by this
event. As priest, Mattathias was to be the 1st person required to do
this sacrifice. Mattathias boldy refused to offer a sacrifice to Zeus
and made a rousing speech against pagan worship and called the Jews
to solidarity and faith.
When a Jewish parishioner went forward to sacrifice the pig in
compliance with the demand of the pagan invaders, Mattathias killed
the weak-spirited Jewish infidel and attached the soldiers. In that
very moment, the revolution began!
Mattathias and his 5 sons engaged the Greeks in guerrilla warfare to
win Israel's independence. Because of the their bravery and
leadership, the Jews miraculously won the war with the Greeks and
regained their freedom to worship the one true Elohim of Israel. The
Temple which was descrecrated when Antiochus Ephiphanes sacrificed a
pig on the altar of the Temple was recaptured by the Maccabees and
rededicated back to YHWH.
Hanukkah is one of the most historically documented ancient Jewish
holidays. It is recorded in the Apocrypha -- in 1st and 2nd Maccabees.
Concerning the story of Hanukkah, the ancient Jewish historian
Josephus born in 37 CE wrote in his book, "The Antiquities of the
Jews" 12:7:7
"Now Judas celebrated the festivals of the restoration of the
sacrifices of the Temple for eight days: and omitted no sort of
pleasure thereon: but he feasted them upon every rich and splendid
sacrifices; and he honored Elohim and delighted them, by hymns and
psalms. Nay, they were so very glad at the revival of their customs,
when after a long time of intermission, they unexpectedly had regained
the freedom of their worship, that they made it a law for their
posterity, that they should keep a festival, on account of the
restoration of their temple worship, for eight days. And from that
time to this we celebrate this festival, and call it LIGHTS. I suppose
the reason was, because this liberty beyond our hopes appeared to us;
and that thence was the name given to that festival".
THE STORY OF HANUKKAH IN THE BOOK OF MACCABEES
In 1st Maccabees 1:41-64 it is written:
"Moreover king Antiochus wrote to his whole kingdom, that all should
be one people. And every one should leave his laws: so all the heathen
agreed according to the commandment of the king. Yea, many also of the
Israelites consented to his religion, and sacrificed unto idols and
profaned the sabbath. For the king had sent letters by messengers unto
Jerusalem and the cities of Juda that they should follow the strange
laws of the land. And forbid burnt offerings, and sacrifice, and drink
offerings, in the temple; and that they should profane the sabbaths
and festival days. And pollute the sanctuary and holy people. Set up
altars, and groves, and chapels of idols, and sacrifice swine's flesh,
and unclean beasts. That they should also leave their children
uncircumcised and make their souls abominable with all manner of
uncleanness and profanation. To the end they might forget the law, and
change all the ordinances. And whosover would not do according to the
commandment of the king, he said, he should die. In the selfsame
manner wrote he to his whole kingdom and appointed overseers over all
the people, commanding the cities of Juda to sacrifice, city by city.
The many of the people were gathered unto them, to wit every one that
forsook the law, and so they committed evils in the land. And drove
the Israelites into secret places, even wheresoever they could flee
for succour. Now the fifteenth day of the month Kislev, in the hundred
forty and fifth year, they set up the abimination of desolation upon
the altar, and builded idol altars throughout the cities of Juda on
every side; and burnt incense at the doors of their houses, and in the
streets. And when they had rent in pieces the books of the law which
they found, they burnt them with fire. And whosoever was found with
any committed to the law, the king's commandment was, that they would
put him to death. Thus did they by their authority unto the Israelites
every month, to as many as were found in the cities. Now the five and
twentieth day of the month they did sacrifice upon the idol altar,
which was upon the altar of Elohim. At which time according to the
commandment they put to death certain women, that had caused their
children to be circumcised. And they hanged their infants about their
necks, and rifled their houses and slew them that had circumcised
them. Howbeit many in Israel were fully resolved and confirmed in
themselves not to eat any unclean thing. Wherefore the rather to die,
that they might not be defiled with meats, and that they might not
profane the holy covenent: so then they died. and there was very great
wrath upon Israel"
THE HASMONEAN DYNASTY
Before Mattathias died, he passed the leadership onto his son Judah
Maccabee. Judah (or Judas as he is also called) was known as "the
hammer". Under his respected leadership, the Jewish warriors continued
to drive the pagan invaders out of Israel. This was the beginning of
the Hasmonean dynasty. Against all odds, the Jews were victorious.
Ultimately, they liberated Jerusalem and rededicated the Temple back
to YHWH. Later, the Hasmonean dynasty became quite hellenized. They
persecuted and opposed the Rabbis. The Hasmonean dynasty ruled into
the 1st century.
THE ANCIENT TALMUDIC RABBIS AND HANUKKAH
The ancient Rabbis taught about the holiday but even they don't
discuss the miracle of the oil until the later Talmudic writings of
the Gemara. The Mishnah is silent about the miracle of oil burning for
8 days after having only a one day supply of oil to burn in the Temple
upon recapturing the Temple back from the Greeks. This was probably
due to the Mishnah Rabbis living under Roman domination and their fear
of the Roman authorities.
HANUKKAH: A BIBLICAL FESTIVAL?
Hanukkah is not a Biblical commanded Festival found in Lev 23.
However, according to the text of John 10:22, Yeshua/Jesus kept and
celebrated this festival. The "feast of dedication" in John 10:22 is
Hanukkah. Hanukkah in Hebrew means "dedication".
DREIDELS
Dreidels are the toys with with Jewish children play to call to
remembrance the story of the rededication of the Temple in ancient
Israel. Can a toy tell a religious story? A sevivon (Hebrew for
Dreidel) tells a marvelous story. A dreidel is a 4 sided top-like
spinning toy that has a letter painted on each side. The letters are a
Hebrew acronym saying:
A GREAT MIRACLE HAPPENED HERE!
What was this great miracle that the Dreidel and the holiday
commemorate? It is proclaimed that after the Maccabees won their
stunning military victory over the Greek invaders of Israel they
cleansed the Temple. In so doing, they needed to light the Menorah ( a
candelabra in the Temple). The Maccabees only had enough proper olive
oil to burn for 1 day. The miracle that is remembered is the story of
how the lights burned for 8 days giving them sufficient time to
complete their celebration and produce more oil for the Temple.
Chanukiah Candle Lighting Guide:
#1) First, set the number of candles
ready to be lit to correspond with which of the 8 days are being
celebrated. The first candle is placed at our right, as we face the
Chanukiah (9 candlestick menorah) subsequent candles are placed to the
left of it, one additional candle to each of the eight days. The first
new candle is ALWAYS kindled first by the LIT shamash candle.
#2) Light the Shamash (servant) candle, which represents the Messiah
Yeshua (He is YHWH's Servant sent to the earth to redeem us from our
sins). While holding the Shamash candle, recite the Barukh (blessing)
saying, "He is the Light of the World" and reading Mark 10:44-45.
"Whosoever of you will be the chiefest, shall be the servant of all.
For even the Son of man came not to be ministered unto, but to
minister, and to give His life a ransom for many".
#3) With the Shamash candle burning, take it in your hand and recite
#the following blessing in Hebrew and English:
"Baruch atah Adonai Elohenu melech ha-olam kidshanu b'mitzvotav
v'tzivanu l'hadlik ner shel Chanukiah."
"Blessed are you, O YHWH our Elohim, King of the Universe, Who has
sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to kindle the
light of the Chanukah (and to let our light shine before others)"
"Baruch atah Adonai Elohenu melech ha-olam sheheyanu v'ke'manu
v'heegeeanu lazman hazeh"
"Blessed are you, YHWH our Elohim, King of the Universe, Who has
performed miracles for our forefathers in those days at this time".
"Baruch atah adonai Elohenu Melech ha-olam, she-hasah nisim
la-atotainu ba-yamim ha-ham bazman hazeh"
"Blessed ar you, YHWH our Elohim, King of the Universe, Who has kept
us alive and sustained us and enabled us to reach this season".
4) Then, light the other candles with the Shamash candle.
5) Each night of lighting, invite a different person to read the
Scriptures designated for each night of the 8 days.
6) Sing "Ma'oz Tzur" ("Rock of Ages") and other Chanukah songs you
might come across, celebrating the coming of the Light of the World.
a) FIRST CANDLE (Exodus 3:21-22)
b) SECOND CANDLE (Psalm 18:28, Psalm 27:1)
c) THIRD CANDLE (Isaiah 60:1,3
d) FOURTH CANDLE (John 8:12)
e) FIFTH CANDLE (Luke 2:30-32)
f) SIXTH CANDLE (Psalm 119:105, Psalm 130)
g) SEVENTH CANDLE (Matthew 5:14-16)
h) EIGHTH CANDLE (Rev 21:22-27)
#7) Gift giving on each of the 8 days of Chanukah is optional.
During Chanukah, the Jewish people relive their military and
ideological victory over ancient Greece. We still hear the echoes of
this cultural clash today, as Winston Churchill wrote in his History
of the Second World War: "No other two races (but the Jews and Greeks)
have set such a mark upon the world. Each of them from angles so
different have left us with the inheritance of its genius and
wisdom.the main guiding light in modern faith and culture."
Jewish historians label the period during which the Hellenists had
influence over Israel as the "Greek Exile." Ironically, during the
era, there was no attempt to drive the Jews from Israel, our homeland.
This begs the question, who or what did they view as having been
exiled?
Jewish sages provide an explanation by comparing our existence within
the Greek nation to the darkness at the very beginning of creation.
The first two lines of Genesis read, "In the beginning.the earth was
empty.and darkness was upon the face of the deep." The command "Let
there be light" banished the darkness. However, according to the
sequence of events presented in the Torah, the luminous bodies
including the sun and stars did not come into existence until much
later. This first "light" must be understood not as light in a
conventional sense, but as a reference to raw spiritual energy. The
Greek exile is therefore seen through the eyes of our sages as
comparable to a physical universe wholly lacking any spiritual
content.
While traditional Jewish sources compare Greek culture to primordial
Darkness, they simultaneously confirm that externally, ancient Greece
was the most beautiful and cultured of all civilizations. Many Jews
during the historical period in which the Chanukah miracle too place
found in Hellenism the world's first intellectually stimulating
alternative to Judaism. Consequently, the glamour of Greece, her arts
and comforts, enticed many Jews toward complete assimilation into
secular Greek culture.
The Hellenistic world glorified the human mind and body. To the Greek
philosopher, the world was run by natural laws, entirely accessible to
the human intellect. Phenomena and concepts to which logic could be
applied were exhausted, and those which lay beyond the confines of
pure reason were shunned as folly.
The foundation of our modern Western world-view developed directly
from this perspective. We see as an illustration of this point, the
widespread modern-day assumption that there exists nothing beyond the
physical world. Such a view relegates the notions of love and the soul
to the realm of merely base biochemical phenomena. Existentialism, the
philosophy of life's absurd futility and inherent meaninglessness is
also a natural outgrowth of Hellenistic thought.
Additionally, the commonly accepted notion of "relative morality"
which denies the existence any absolute right or wrong prevails. These
disheartening conclusions, held by so many today, emerge from the
perspective of this world being just a circus of atomic nuts and bolts
lacking any overall purpose or intentional design.
Yet many thinking people consider ridiculous the view that life is
utterly meaningless, and balk at the claim that there is nothing wrong
with cold-blooded murder other than personal preference. Even Bertrand
Russell, this century's most eloquent atheistic philosopher conceded,
"I cannot see how to refute the arguments for the subjectivity of
ethical values, but I find myself incapable of believing all that is
wrong with wanton cruelty is that I don't like it." Those who posses
the humility and courage to concede that the human mind's reasoning
faculty has its limits are forced to reexamine such a constricted view
of reality.
The second century before the Common Era, at the time when Athens and
Jerusalem intellectual locked horns, a core of Jews maintained that
the mechanical laws of nature are subordinate to a higher reality.
They saw the glory that was Greece, certainly not as a dimness of
intellect, but as a bleak shackling of the human spirit by a
disinterested and lifeless world. The brilliant spiritual intensity of
humankind was left overshadowed by the superficiality of externals,
only because the material aspects of the universe are more readily
grasped by simplistic logic and reasoning. This is the "darkness" of
Greece. This too explains what our sages saw Greek culture had exiled:
the spark of the human soul and spirit. Jews on the other hand
recognized the intellect as the soul's most powerful and reliable
tool, but nothing more. Just because our minds can't easily package
what our soul "knows" need not mean that our souls' are wrong. This
very same struggle rages today between secular thought and living by
the Devar (Word) of YHWH.
Chanukat Habayit
Literally: dedication of the home; the ceremony of affixing the
mezuzah to the doorpost.
Chanukiah
Eight-branched candelabrum, with a place for a ninth candle
(shamash-"servant") used to light the other candles, especially
designed for Chanukah.
Charoset
A mixture of fruits, nuts, and wine; one of the symbolic Passover
foods. Its colour and consistency are reminders of the bricks and
mortar used by the Israelite slaves.
Chasidim
A group of pious 1st Century CE Jewish sages who shared the Pharisees'
ethical and religious values, but were also characterised by a close
walk with the Almighty and their emphasis on doing what you preach,
putting your proclamation into practice. Choni the Circle-Drawer was
a famous 1st century chasid.
Since the 18th century, this title also designates a group within
Judaism, consisting of Ultra-Orthodox followers of the
eighteenth-century leader, Rabbi Israel, who is called the Ba'al Shem
Tov (literally: "the master with a good name.") In Israel, the
ultra-orthodox are referred to as the Charridim.
Chata'aat
Sin-offering in Temple. A sin offering made by one who has sinned
against the Almighty, i.e. transgressed against Torah.
Chatan
Bridegroom.
Chatan Ba'raysheet
Literally: bridegroom of Genesis; the man called to recite or chant
the blessings over the first section of the Torah on Simchat Torah.
Chatan Torah
Literally: bridegroom of the Torah; the man called to recite or chant
the blessings over the final section of the Torah on Simchat Torah.
Chavurah
A group of "subscribers" convened for the purpose of offering the
Pesach sacrifice and eating of its meat. A group of like-minded
people meeting together to worship by studying Scripture with
reverence and joy.
Chavah
Eve.
Chavakkuk
Habakkuk.
Chayah
A living creature.
Chayim Chadashim
New Life.
Chayim Olam
Everlasting life.
Chayot
Living creatures.
Chazan
The cantor, the leader in prayer in a synagogue.
Chazan Hakeneset
Synagogue employee.
Chesed
Grace, mercy, loyal love.
Chet
Missing the mark, making a mistake; one of the Hebrew terms translated
as "sin." Transgression of Torah.
Chevlai Shel Mashiach
Birthpains of the Messiah. Hebrew term for the seven year tribulation
period that will precede the glorious second coming of King Messiah.
The excruciating pain, profuse shedding of blood, and subsequent joy
of childbirth is a picture of the agony and the joy that the believing
remnant of Israel as well as gentile believers will experience when
they are born into the Messiah and His kingdom (cf. Yesha'yahu 66).
The Tanakh consistently equates receiving the salvation of UYUW by
grace through emunah, with a birthing process (cf. Yesha'yahu 23 & 26
as well as all references to the Chevlai Shel Mashiach). Those who
receive this salvation receives the Ruach of UYUW and passes from
death to life-cf. Yechezk'el 37. That person who heeds the call of
the Spirit of the Almighty, and does t'shuvah, is born as a citizen of
the Olam HaBa, the World to Come. This is why Yahushua found it
distressing that Nakdimon, a prominent teacher of Israel, did not
comprehend that one cannot enter the Malkut Shamayim without being
born again from above, by the Ruach HaKodesh (cf. Yochanan 3).
Chevlo Shel Mashiach
The pains suffered by the Messiah.
Chevrah Kadisha
A group of people entrusted with the mitzvah of preparing a body for
burial.
Chiastic
Style of Hebrew poetry and logical construction of an argument:
A/B/C/B/A. An antithetical parallelism constructed symmetrically
about a central idea.
Chokhmah
Wisdom, specifically as a manifestation of the Ruach HaKodesh.
See Devar of Chokhmah.
Chokhamim
Wise men; sages. Usually referring to respected, learned Pharisees.
The "magi" who came to bring presents to Yahushua at his birth were
most probably chokhhamim who came from the land of Babylon. (They
were not kings, and there was not three of them!) After the
Babylonian captivity, the majority of Y'hudim remained in Babylon
("the land of the east") and formed centres for study of the
Scriptures. They knew that the Scriptures teach that the Light of the
World, the Shemesh Tzadekah (Sun of Righteousness-Malachi 4:2), had to
come into the world in the fourth day, i.e. before the year 4000, just
as the sun was created on the fourth day to bring light to the dark
world (Genesis 1). The chokhamim knew that He would be born in Beit
Lechem (about 5 km from Yerushalayim) and also knew the Scripture in
Numbers 24:17 where the Messiah is called a star that will come out of
Ya'akov, a staff (of right-ruling) that will come forth from Yisra'el.
In bringing Him presents, they fulfilled prophecy-cf. Tehillim 68:29;
72:10-15; 76:11; Genesis 43:11 and 1Kings 16:2. In these scriptures,
Yosef and Sh'lomo foreshadows the Messiah. At the level of the
p'shat, Psalm 72 speaks about Sh'lomo, the son of David. It is a
prayer of thanksgiving to UYUW for a king who would be a saviour. But
this Tehillah looks beyond the immediate historical setting, and shows
us King Messiah, our Saviour. The splendour of the reign of Sh'lomo
is a foreshadowing prophetic picture of His reign. This Psalm says
that gifts will be brought to the king from far countries. This
happened in His first coming, and will happen again in His second
coming.
Chol
Not set-apart.
Chol haMo'ed
Ordinary part of the festival-days in the middle of Pesach or Sukkot
when work is allowed. The weekdays of the Festival.
Christ
Greek: ChristosAnointed with oil.
A rough Greek equivalent of Mashiach (Messiah).
The modern usage of this term is often incorrect and even irritating,
because it is used as though it is a surname-"Jesus Christ." To
remind ourselves what the term "Christ" really means, it is good
practice to add the explanation, "Jesus the anointed, empowered,
commissioned One, sent forth by the Father" after having said "Jesus
Christ."
It is also incorrect to speak about Yahushua as "our Messiah"-He is
the anointed One of YHWH. We can thank our Father in Heaven for
sending His Messiah to be our Go'el (kinsman-redeemer and
blood-avenger).
Chukah
Plural: Chukim.
Decree, statute. A commandment of the Torah that does not have a
readily understood, logical, rational explanation. The sages saw the
decrees concerning goat l'Azazel and the parah adumah (red heifer) as
chukot. Although baffling to the rational mind, the Almighty does
have a purpose with these decrees, and so Israel should faithfully
observe them. The slaying of goat l'Azazel on Yom Kippur is probable
related to both the atoning death of Messiah Yahushua and the casting
of the False messiah into the Lake of Fire (i.e. the Dead Sea, having
erupted in flames) at the triumphant return of King Messiah.
Chumash
The five books of Mosheh. Commonly called the Torah. The word is
derived from the Hebrew word for "five."
Chuppah
A spread canopy under which the bride and groom stand during the
wedding ceremony. The canopy represents the honeymoon chamber of the
couple and symbolises the home that is about to be established.
Church
See Kahal/Kahol.
The term "Church" is one of the most misused and misunderstood words
in existence today! Because our concepts are tied to our use of
language, the misuse of language breeds a hierarchy of quasi-concepts.
I cringe at Dispensationalism's misuse of this term.
Order this Glossary from:
Johann van Rooyen
PO Box 5276
HELDERBERG
7135
SOUTH AFRICA
E-Mail: JOHANVR@NAC.AC.ZA
End of Part 4
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