Subject: Hebrew Software
Date: Thu, 19 Feb 1998 00:16:04 +0000
To: "Hebraic Heritage Newsgroup"<heb_roots_chr@geocities.com>

 

> 
> From:         Marcella Burns
> To:            heb_roots_chr@geocities.com
> Subject:       Hebrew Software
> 
> 
> P.S. I also have a question. I am ready to buy my daughter a computer
> program on Hebrew. She has been studying and learning Hebrew on her
> own for the past two years, and has grammar type questions I can't
> help with. We are not living close to anyone that we know of that
> knows Hebrew. What program do you recommend?
> 
> ************************************************************************

From:          Common Right Group 
To:            heb_roots_chr@geocities.com
Subject:       Re: Sunday School hebraic roots booklet

For Marcella Burns re: Hebrew didactic software,

   We recently purchased the one called Hebrew Tutor by Parsons' 
Technologies. The program cost about $35 and is quite good for the price. 
It begins with learning the written and verbalized aleph bet, complete 
with the order and direction of the strokes in the various characters. It 
the moves on from bare basics into vowel points, then a vocabulary 
builder, etc. By the time one is finished recycling through each lesson 
until he/she gets 100% on each quiz 100% of the time, he/she will be able 
to translate the 4 chapters of the book of Ruth.

  Pretty good for the price, if you ask us. We bought it at a Bible Book 
Store.  Of course, there may be much better ones out there. We are 
only sharing  what we know to date.

************************************************************************

heb_roots_chr@mail.geocities.com wrote:

> From:          Michele Bartlett
> To:            heb_roots_chr@geocities.com
> Subject:       Bible software
>
> Eddie:
>
> Could you open the floor to recommendations of Bible software?
> Do you use one when you're writing to us? I particularly like how
> you pull in stuff from Strongs.
>
> Thanks. Michele
>
> 

From:          Barbara Cohen
To:            heb_roots_chr@geocities.com
Subject:       Re: Bible software

Parsons Technology has some fine software.  You can get an idea of it
by going to keyword Parsons and downloading some of their stuff.  I
have it and use it all the time.  Not cheap but it can be bought in
increments and they do run 'specials.'

**********************************************************************

From:          Annette Wilder
To:            heb_roots_chr@geocities.com
Subject:       Re: Bible software

I use Parson's QuickVerse Bible Reference Collection.  It has several
versions of the Bible, Holman's Bible Dictionary, an Bible Atlas,
Strong's, Matthew Henry's Commentary.

I think that it is easy to use and like it a lot.
I just recently purchased Ultimatum Pro and have not been overly
impressed with it.

Shalom,
Annette

**********************************************************************

From:          "Harland Miller" 
To:            <heb_roots_chr@geocities.com>
Subject:       Re: Bible software

I have used Logos and QuickVerse. QuickVerse by Parson's is 
much more intuitive.

In QuickVerse, Strong's is linked to the KJV. If you have both windows
tiled and set them to be synchronized, when you click on a word you
can also see the Hebrew/Greek word with the Strong's meaning.

Other features include user added notes, Matthew Henry's notes, verse
coloring (user defined or by subject), links to Bible dictionaries and
maps.

Harland Miller, Pastor

**********************************************************************

To:            heb_roots_chr@geocities.com
From:          Maranatha 
Subject:       Re: Bible software

 I've been extremely happy with Parson's Quick Verse.  The basic
program is quite reasonable.  You can down load it free at 
www.parsons.com. The basic program is a KJV search machine.  If you
like it you can add different Bible translations (I have 7 now),
various commentaries (I have 3) a map program, Strong's Concordance,
Nave's Topical Bible, Holman's Bible Dictionary and a multitude of
other helps.  What I really like about this program is that most of
the add ons are priced at $29.95 with frequent $10.00 discounts.
(Prices are even less if you order packages).  I know this sounds like
an ad, but I really have no conection to the company except a great
deal of satisfaction with their software, customer relations and
pricing structure. 

Maranatha,
Bob

**********************************************************************

From:          John Castle
To:            heb_roots_chr@geocities.com
Subject:       Re: Bible software


Dear Michelle,

The very best, and very expensive, is Logos software, which has a
never ending supply of add-ons.  It also can come with the Jewish NT
Commentary and the Jewish NT.

An inexpensive software with far less "bells and whistles" is
Quickverse by Parsons.  It comes with Strong's.

I have both.

John Castle

*******************************************************************

From:          "Charles Jemeyson" 
To:            heb_roots_chr@geocities.com
Subject:       RE: Bible software

Michele -

You might check out "Logos Research Systems, Inc." at www.logos.com.
I've used Logos now for about ten years and really like the software
and people who run the company. I've tested and used about four other
bible software products, but found Logos superior to them in terms of
information and design.  I have the "level four" version on my
computer which includes about 8 bible versions, 3 Greek, 2 Hebrew,
Vulgate(in Latin), Septuagint, maps, Strongs, Christian hymns (if
there is such a thing<G>, 2 Bible dictionaries, 4 Bible commentaries,
Hebrew & Greek Grammars, Works of Philo & Josephus, Nave's, etc. etc.
(the list goes on and on). Over the period of ten years or so, I've
found Logos support to be very good and helpful.  I've received CD
"version upgrades" in my mailbox without a charge several times over
the years.  This year is the first time they've charged for mailing a
free upgrade.  They charged me $15 for shipping and handling which I
feel is worth it. Anyway, hope that helps. 

Charles

p.s. I don't work for Logos <G>, I work for IBM. 


*********************************************************************

From:          Doug Sharp
To:            heb_roots_chr@geocities.com
Subject:       Re: Bible software

Dear Eddie,

Isn't it amazing how the Lord's timing works?!  This is a question I
was just going to ask myself!

I am currently in Bible College, and currently use Bibleworks for
Windows.

 It is GREAT, for what it is, but I would like very much to add the
 "hebraic roots perspective" to my computer.  There seems to be a 
pretty large selection of programs available that cover the Jewish
texts and histories, etc., do you or anyone else have some favorites
and/or reviews that might make choosing easier?  My primary interest
is the direct study of His Word, then second would come the people and
culture (I know they are intertwined, but my budget may require me to
prioritize my choices depending upon the costs of the programs).

Fall semester is beginning soon, so any help would be greatly
appreciated.

May God bless you and keep you,

Doug Sharp

P.S. - What a GREAT newsgroup.  Praise God for His wonderful gifts to
His people!

**********************************************************************

From:          "Mark R. Ensign" 
To:            heb_roots_chr@geocities.com
Subject:       Re: Bible software

Shalom, Eddie and fellow seekers of our Hebraic Heritage.

Without any doubt in my mind, after a considerable period of
researching and reviewing Bible software, BibleWorks for Windows
version 3.5 takes the prize.  

Using BibleWorks for the past three months has been a great pleasure.
It has enhanced my Torah teaching each Erev Shabbat by allowing
immediate access to the original languages, to the meanings of place
names, and to supporting dictionaries like Easton and Nave.  Since I
began using BibleWorks the need for commentaries has largely
disappeared thus removing one intervening level between the Word of
the Lord and my Spirit.  I believe BibleWorks is a gift of God for the
end-times by means of which we can know the Lord and His Word as never
before so we can serve and worship Him better in Spirit and in truth.

BibleWorks is extremely powerful yet very user friendly.  I am truly
amazed at its capabilities.  Tech support is just a phone call or
e-mail away.  

BibleWorks has about 40 versions of the Bible including, of course,
the Biblical languages of Hebrew and Greek, the Septuagint in Greek,
about 15 English versions, and a number in modern foreign languages.
It has Strong's numbers, Strong's Hebrew and Greek lexicons and
several others that are better than Strong's such as
Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew lexicon.  In some Bible versions, and all
the Hebrew and Greek versions, you can instantly see each words
meaning as you run your cursor over the word - from Strong's or other
lexicons!  No more looking up in the interlinear Bible, then going to
the concordance or lexicon.  Its instantaneous!

Bibleworks also includes Easton's and Nave's Bible Dictionaries and an
excellent time line.  Searches are very powerful and can be done
extremely quickly in English, Hebrew or Greek.  The displays show
English, Greek, Hebrew on the same screen.  There is an editor that
can intermix these languages and it can be cut and pasted into other
Windows wordprocessors such as WordPerfect.  And when you are
searching in a Hebrew Bible and you type in the search, BibleWorks
automatically changes the letters to Hebrew!  And the same for Greek
Bible searches! It even has screens that show the keyboard conversions
so you can quickly hit the right keys to produce the Hebrew and Greek
letters as well as other foreign languages.

The screens can be easily customized to your liking.  Two screen
samples can be viewed at http://www.bibleworks.com/samples.htm  The
first shows a single verse with multiple versions, including Greek,
along with the search command line and results, and the command center
with numerous icons.  The second shows the parallel versions of
Genesis 1:1 including English, Hebrew, Greek (Septuagint) and German
plus the lexicons for the first three in the lower half of the screen.

BibleWorks has an excellent website at http://www.bibleworks.com and a
Products Overview page a http://www.bibleworks.com/new.htm that lists
the contents, etc.  Free upgrades fixing bugs are posted to the
website and can be downloaded and implemented very easily.

By the way, I have no financial interest in BibleWorks.  I am just an
enthusiastic user and supporter who has been thrilled by the Lord's
gift to us of a marvelous took for Bible study.  Please do not be put
off by the price if you are serious about having an excellent tool for
Bible study.  It costs about $300 from Christian Book Distributors at
http://www.chrbook.com/

My wife gave me the Jewish New Testament and Commentary by David Stern
on CDROM with the Logos search engine.  (CBD carries the JNT&C in book
and CDROM form)  I've used the JNT&C in book form for a couple of
years and higly recommend it to all those seeking to understand the
Brit Chadashah (New Covenant Scriptures) from a Hebraic perspective.  

I am glad to have CDROM for searching and clipping passages and
commentary to my teaching materials in WordPerfect.  But I do not like
the Logos search engine or screen display.  I've had a number of
crashes of Windows when using it with other programs loaded even
though I have 32 Mb of memory.  I find it much harder to use than
BibleWorks.  Logos is pushing for a CDROM based library system
containing a lot of works by human authors.  My only interest is in
the Word by the One Author and BibleWorks affords much better access
to His Word than Logos.  If you share that interest, I heartily
recommend BibleWorks.

May you be blessed by Hashem in all your ways, especially as you seek
Him in His Torah, all His instructions for living with Him and with
our fellow men and women.

Shalom in Yeshua,

Mark R. Ensign

Adot Adonai - Amarillo's Messianic Jewish Congregation
806-353-4138 - 

**********************************************************************

From:          Anthony Valasek
To:            heb_roots_chr@geocities.com
Subject:       Re: Bible software

< http://www.gospelcom.net/bible>    online bible and word search, has
different versions of the bible.

<http://web2.airmail.net/webchap/wcconc.html>  online  KJV concordance
and Apocrapha concordance

<http://www.khouse.org/blueletter/>  online Concordance, many
commentaries, and even Hebrew and Greek Dictionaries   EXCELLENT but a
little slow, if you just want a concordance use one of the two above.

All of these below are downloadable, good for when you don't want to
go back and forth on your browser.

Shareware  <http://www.lovejesus.org/sword95.htm>  Concordance and
commentaries Freeware  <http://members.aol.com/BiblePlus/index.htm>
Concordance

The shareware is definitely better, but it is shareware.
The best thing about all of these is that they are free.  Don't let
someone con you into purchasing expensive software.  Shareware of
course asks for a registration fee after evaluation.

If there is something out there that gives me something I can't get
from these links, let me know, but as you can see, and will find out,
these links cover a whole lot of ground.

Tony Valasek
<http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/1009/index.html>

**********************************************************************

From:          Alfred or Christine La Spina 
To:           heb_roots_chr@geocities.com 
Subject:       Re: Bible software

Eddie:

Michele asked about bible software, Online Bible is very good you can
download it free from here
http://hcgl1.eng.ohio-state.edu/~copas/OnlineBible/  or you can order
their CD for a very reasonable price. It has the Stongs refference
among other things.

Alfred

********************************************************************

From:          Marcella
To:           heb_roots_chr@mail.geocities.com,heb_roots_chr@geocities.com 
Subject:      Re: Bible software

<A HREF="http://www.gentle.org/OnlineBible/">ONLINE BIBLE - Free Bible
Download at Gentle This is an excellent Bible program that we use a
lot.  Hope you find it useful.    Marcella

**********************************************************************
*

From:          Philip Nowland 
Subject:       Bible software
To:            "INTERNET:heb_roots_chr@geocities.com"
<heb_roots_chr@geocities.com>

Shalom Michele

I have continued to survey the Bible software scenery, and there are
some very good programs around, but for a combination of value for
money, good facilities and ease of use, I think that it the PC-Study
Bible comes out best. I handles Strong's numbers and definitions very
well. You should have little difficulty obtaining it as it is a USA
product. To get the best out of it you should be using a CD-Rom.

Hope that helps

Philip Nowland

Huntingdon, England

**********************************************************************

From:          "Jim Snyder" 
To:            <heb_roots_chr@geocities.com>
Subject:       Re: Bible software

Dear Michele,  

Shalom.  

    I have an older version of (2.1) of BibleSoft's PC Study Bible for
Windows.

It has:  

Concordance, Nave's Topical Bible, Nelson's Bible Dictionary, Unger's
Bible Dictionary, International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Treasury
of Scripture Knowledge, Strong's Greek/Hebrew Dictionary, Vine's
Expository Dictionary, Englishman's Concordance, Interlinear Bible,
Matthew Henry's Commentary, Bible Maps, Photos, Bible Outlines, and
the following Bible versions: 

King James, American Standard, New American Standard, New
Interantional, New King James, and UBS Greed/BHS Hebrew.   

Shalom, 

Jim Snyder

**********************************************************************


>From Eddie:
***************

         I would suggest that you look at my WebPage on the "Hebrew
Language and Software". It is located at:

http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/2175/heb_lang.html

        In addition, I have reviewed and found very good two software
products from "Torah Educational Software". They are: "Aleph to Tav"
and "Hebrew Tutor". 


                              ALEPH TO TAV

         This program will display and pronounce each letter of the
Hebrew alphabet. It will also sing the alphabet !!!!  Furthermore,
there is a designated word for each letter of the alphabet that you
display on a farm! Have fun designing the looks of a farm and learn
the Hebrew alphabet and selected words at the same time!  For those of
you who need to rehearse seeing and hearing the Hebrew alphabet over
and over, this is a great program for that purpose. 

        Features:

#1) Hebrew letter, vowel and vocabulary recognition
#2) Interactive Tutorial
#3) Original lyrics and sound
#4) CD includes FIVE languages: Hebrew, English Ashkenaz, English 
       Sephardic, French and Spanish.

     System Requirements: CD Rom  Windows/Mac
     List Price: $79     Internet Special:  $59


                                  HEBREW TUTOR

             This program will allow you to learn words in the Hebrew
language. It has a beginning, intermediate and advanced level. For
each level and skill, you are given a Hebrew word and a multiple
choice selection. The program will indicate if you selected the
correct word. This is a great way to build your vocabulary and keep
sharp on learning and comprehending words in Hebrew. 

           Features:

#1) Over one thousand key words
#2) Most commonly used Hebrew words
#3) Gives correct Hebrew pronunciation of each word
#4) Corrects your mistakes and tracks your progress
#5) Helps you build confidence in learning the Hebrew language

          System Requirements:  Windows 3.1 or Windows 95
          List Price: $69   Internet Special:  $49


                                 Eddie Chumney
                                 Hebraic Heritage Ministries Int'l 

**********************************************************************

From:          Yochana Eben
To:            heb_roots_chr@geocities.com
Subject:       Re: Learning Hebrew


Shalom,

There are many resources available for learning Hebrew.  Eddie has a
list of software he has reviewed.   Also, a helpful book that is
designed to help you learn in 24 hours is called: -------- WHILE
STANDING ON ONE FOOT

A Hebrew
Reading - Readiness Text
For Adults

by Noah Golinkin
published by  Hebrew Literacy Publications 
-------

This used by synagogues in community Hebrew classes.

I also suggest that you visit:  www.maven.co.il  and look under
EDUCATION there are numerous FREE resources there for learning Hebrew
in various formats on-line.

Repetition is a key in learning Hebrew quickly.  Once you learn the
aleph-bet you should practice reading Hebrew text..even if you don't
understand it. You will later.

It is also quite beneficial to pray prior to studying Hebrew.....not
only will you learn more effectively, but you will gain better
insights into the language.

Here are a few on-line resources for learning hebrew:

www.maccom.co.il/hebrew/     	1st choice

www.bible.ort.org/         

www.bus.ualberta.ca/~yreshef/wordmatch/wordmatch.html

This is a paid course:

www.cris.com/~e-hebrew/eh.html		

B'Shalom  Yochana

**********************************************************************

From:          Bill & Theresa Anderson 
To:            heb_roots_chr@geocities.com
Subject:       Re: Learning Hebrew

Dear Hebrew student, 

     In my opinion it is best to learn from someone who is a believer,
who has been to Israel, loves the Hebrew language and understands the
spiritual benefit of learning it.  Does this sound too good to be
feasible?  Well, the Almighty has done just that for us here in
Eureka. I "accidently" found out that a Christian man who had been on
a Kibbutz in Israel two  years,(Not consecutively), was going to teach
a free class  in one of the local churches.  I have been attending
weekly classes with my fourteen year old and we both can read all
letters. Square and Cursive.  Conjugate verbs, speak and read words
and sentences.  This is after 8 weeks, once a week.  I do not see how
there is a better way for fast learning.  My teacher is of the opinion
that "teach yourself" books are not that good unless you already are
taking a class.  You may look around your community and see what comes
up. Perhaps others will have ideas for good audio and video, yet I
still think this is the best way...Shalom, Theresa Anderson

**********************************************************************

From:          mesharet 
To:         heb_roots_chr@geocities.com Subject:    
Re: Learning Hebrew

Looks to me like you're doing pretty good. I have two books from the
Jewish Book Club (watch out for that one...its expensively addictive!)
1. The Secrets of Hebrew Words by Benjamin Blech, 1996 ISBN hardcover:
0-87668-610-2    Softcover: ISBN 1-56821-918-0 2. Modern Hebrew: An
essential Grammar by Lewis Glinert, 1994    ISBN 0-415-10190-5
paperback 3. Hebrew for Homeschoolers POBox 3921, Dept S, Seminole, FL
 34645 ages 3- adult. 4. Arkansas Institute of Holy Land Studies
1-800-617-6205 Tell them HaY'Did Ministries sent you.

there are also CD roms and also a web site that teaches the Hebrew
alef-bet with sound so that you can hear the words. Contact
shalom@haydid.org for that web site.

try: http://www.amensoftinc.com/prod01.htm

Hope this helps.

**********************************************************************

From:          Dick Snyder
To:            heb_roots_chr@geocities.com
Subject:       Re: Learning Hebrew

You may want to try "Hebrew Tutor" from Parsons Technology.
www.parsonstech.com

**********************************************************************

From:          Kelli Morgan
To:            heb_roots_chr@geocities.com
Subject:       Re: Learning Hebrew


I have found the "Hebrew Tutor" software by Parsons Technology to be
excellent. - Kelli

**********************************************************************

From:          Ron Baker
To:            heb_roots_chr@geocities.com
Subject:       Re: Learning Hebrew

Greetings from the UK in our Lord Y'shua

I can recommend a multimedia solution to your question on Learning
Biblical Hebrew. It's great for the beginner because it gives you the
sounds with the words. My wife wanted the software and has got on
really well using it.

You can find the software, Parsons Technology Hebrew Tutor at
http://www.parsonstech/biblestudy/products7.html

May God bless you indeed in your study

**********************************************************************

From:        Jeff Neckonoff 
To:            heb_roots_chr@geocities.com
Subject:       Re: Learning Hebrew

<< Does anyone out there have a recommendation regarding learning
Hebrew the fast way? Especially for beginners and/or "slower" language learners?
 If so, please advise. >>

There's a company called "Davka" that has some great Hebrew-learning
software programs. I can't seem to find their catalog in my files. I'm
sure someone else has their phone number.

**********************************************************************

From:          AMIAVRAHAM
To:            heb_roots_chr@geocities.com
Subject:       Re: Learning Hebrew

Shalom!

I recomend to you the "best way", no neccesary the "faster way", it is
imposible to mastery any foreing language in one week... but try
Learning Hebrew (C.D.) from Davka Corporation or  Hebrew World ( C.D.)
from Living Israeli Hebrew. Both CD are excelent for beginners.
Shabath Shalom. Dan.

**********************************************************************

From:          "Widgren, Valerie"
To:           "'heb_roots_chr@geocities.com'"<heb_roots_chr@geocities.com> 
Subject:      RE: Learning Hebrew 

I've been taking written, reading, and conversational Evrit for about
9 months.  It is tough!!  The fastest way is to go live over in Israel
for 6 months to a year--"immersion opan!"  Do you have a local Jewish
Community Center?  They usually have classes available at a very
reasonable cost. 

Val Widgren

**********************************************************************

From:          Jeff Martin
To:            heb_roots_chr@geocities.com
Subject:       Re: Learning Hebrew

I use Hebrew New Testament with Hebrew on one side and English 
on the other. It makes me work harder than an interlinear, but it is
still tedious.

**********************************************************************

From:          "Paul Bergum" 
To:            heb_roots_chr@mail.geocities.com
Subject:       Re: Learning Hebrew


I'm learning Hebrew from a teacher referred by a local messianic
congregation. I am amazed how fast we have learned in just one
hour/day one day/week.  Of coarse there is additional study involved.
She is from Isael and that helps greatly.  I plan to get more
materials soon like computer tutoring software and some
reading books.

**********************************************************************

From:          Neil Walters
To:            heb_roots_chr@geocities.com
Subject:       Re: Learning Hebrew


   Please add my computer program "Hooked on Hebrew" to your list of
Hebrew programs.  It's the only program I know that teaches block
letters, hand-written, cursive, Rashi and ancient Hebrew. It is also
obviously Jewish oriented - where many other software programs were
written for Spanish, French, etc... and then they came out with a
Hebrew "clone". 

See web page http://www.amerisoftinc.com\prod01.htm for general 
information or to link to free downloadable demo or  links to view
sample "screens" from the program.  

Also available from this page are the following resources:

  1) My personal review of other Hebrew language courses 
  2) An overview of Hebrew, Torah, and Canting 
  3) Hidden Hebrew (secrets of the Hebrew Language) 
  4) Hebrew Letter Charts - in 5 different styles 
  5) List of all the books of the Hebrew Bible (in Hebrew 
      characters, also with transliteration and translation) 

Here are the various features of "Hooked on Hebrew": 

1) 16 Lessons that introduce each of the 22 letters and the vowels 2)
25 Lessons that each teach approximately 15 new Vocabulary words 
     (i.e. the most commonly used 400 words in the Bible
3) Games: 
     1) Memory-match and 
     2) Speed-Drill - enforce letter recognition skills 
     3 & 4) Teach the 12 Tribes, 
     5) Hebrew Phone - Practice Dialing a Spoken Phone Number, 
     6) Israeli Signs - help translate the actual signs from Israel
     after 
          their English words were painted over 
4) Many exercises that drill you on each new letter 
5) Includes discussion of the meaning and symbolism of each Hebrew
letter 6) Practical progressive teaching method, starts slow 7)
PERFECT FOR BEGINNERS AND CHILDREN or college students - NO prior
knowledge of
     Hebrew required 
8)  Teaches in detail what many Hebrew courses gloss
      over on one or two pages 
9) Perfect supplement for other Hebrew courses 
10) After the last lesson, you will be able to read any of the
included Kidushim 
      (blessings) or sample scriptures. Practice Readings include
      Torah (Books of Moses) and Psalms, Adon Olam, etc... 
11) Includes commonly used "synagogue words" 
12) Includes exercises and visuals to help you distinguish look-alike
letters 13) For any Hebrew word on the screen, click the left mouse
button to get the English
       transliteration (pronunciation) and the right mouse button for
       the English translation (meaning). This feature not available
       in any printed book! Saves lots of time flipping back and forth
       through pages and to the Hebrew dictionary. 
14) Immediate Vowel-Chart available from any screen 
15) Includes 6 Fonts that teach you how to read book-style,
hand-printed, 
       hand-written (cursive), Rashi, and Ancient Hebrew (with vowel
       markings on each). Fonts can be used in any Windows based word
       processor. 
16) Documentation includes print-out of all letters and vowels in most
fonts and 
       a brief introduction to Hebrew as well as a list of all the
       books of the Hebrew 
      Bible. 
17) Has over 325 online screen pages of information and interactive
exercises 

Thanks,
Neal   

Neal Walters
Hooked on Hebrew
http://www.amerisoftinc.com/prod01.htm

**********************************************************************
1